Understanding A CNC Machine Lathe

The traditional lathe has been used for centuries by craftsmen to turn a square piece of material into a smooth cylinder or ball. The modern industrial version of a traditional lathe uses computer numerical control (CNC) systems to allow manufacturers to program automated production systems to cut spinning materials like metal, plastic or wood. This system can be used to make custom bolts, industrial screws and even hydraulic parts. The way that the parts are fabricated often causes a large amount of dangerous debris to be cast into the air. This has resulted in many CNC lathes that are designed to operate in completely enclosed chambers that catch debris and ensure the safety of the operator.

The blades and bits that a CNC lathe uses are collectively called the tooling. There are two distinct types. Sharp blades are used to cut away material on the outside of the cylinder. This type of tooling comes in a variety of different shapes and sizes. Each tooling has a specific purpose and can be used to pull away different amounts of material. Several of these blades are frequently used on a single piece. A CNC machine can have a bank of different attachment blades that can be automatically selected depending on the design. Boring tools are used to remove material from inside of the piece being cut. Boring tools can look like drill bits or they can be very sharp, angled blades.

A CNC machine that has been set up to perform lathe work uses special clamps to hold the raw material in place. These clamps are connected to a device called a turret. The turret holds the cylinder that will be cut and spins it in place. It is this spinning motion that provides the power that is required to carve away material. While the material is spinning in the CNC machine the tooling is elevated so the blade touches the outer surface. The blade can then be moved along the length of the material to create the desired shape.

One of the most important parts of using a CNC machine as a lathe is setting the raw material in place. The placement of the material on the turret has to be perfectly centered. A block that is not centered will spin off-kilter and can actually break tooling or fly off of the mount. The individual who ensures perfect centering and firm attachment is known as the setter.

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